arXiv:2608.25319eess.SYcs.RO2026-08

通过扰动陀螺仪实现无人机定点漂移,攻击隐蔽性强。

SonicNudge: Controlled Displacement of Hovering UAVs via Estimator-Controller Coupling

论文配图:SonicNudge: Controlled Displacement of Hovering UAVs via Estimator-Controller Coupling
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 利用超声共振干扰陀螺仪,诱发姿态估计偏差。
  • 偏差经控制闭环转化为可预测的米级位移,81次仿真+10余次实测验证。
  • 适用于巡检、对接等需精确定点任务,对低层传感器安全提出新警示。

传统无人机位移攻击依赖伪造直接报告位置或平移运动的传感器(如GNSS和光流)。本文提出SonicNudge这一新型攻击范式,转而针对陀螺仪,证明低层级惯性误差可被转化为对悬停或慢速移动无人机的可控位移。该攻击利用估计算法与飞行控制器的耦合:通过超声共振对陀螺仪施加微小扰动,可形成持续的姿态估计偏差,飞行控制器将此偏差解释为需要修正的偏移,从而导致无人机稳定点发生位移。该行为在需悬停、站位保持、缓慢接近或精准最终对齐的任务中尤为关键,如边界封锁、巡检、对接、着陆对准及近距离操作,此时米级误差已具实际影响。我们在类似PX4的飞行栈中分析该攻击,通过81次仿真运行及超过10次室内外物理实验验证,结果表明位移受估计算法权重、偏差可观测性与闭环位置修正机制共同调控。研究提示,无人机与车载系统安全应超越直接导航欺骗,关注低层级惯性误差与估计算法-控制器耦合所构成的隐蔽攻击面。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

UAV displacement attacks have traditionally relied on spoofing sensors that directly report position or translational motion, such as GNSS and optical flow. In this work, we introduce SonicNudge, a new attack primitive that instead targets the gyroscope and shows that low-level inertial errors can be transformed into controlled displacement of hovering or slow-moving UAVs. The attack exploits estimator--controller coupling: a small gyroscope perturbation by ultrasonic resonance can persist as an attitude-estimation bias, and the flight controller can convert this biased estimate into a shifted hover point. This behavior is especially relevant to UAV tasks that require hovering, station-keeping, slow approach, or precise final alignment, such as perimeter denial, inspection, docking, landing alignment, and close-proximity operation, where meter-scale position errors can be operationally meaningful. We analyze this attack primitive in a PX4-style flight stack and validate it through 81 simulation runs and more than 10 indoor/outdoor physical experiments, showing that displacement is governed by estimator weighting, bias observability, and closed-loop position correction. Our study suggests that UAV and vehicle-system security should look beyond direct navigation spoofing and pay closer attention to low-level inertial errors and estimator--controller coupling as a subtle but important attack surface.

无人机安全传感器攻击估计器耦合陀螺仪干扰

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