让大模型评估更可信:先定位最优选项,再谨慎决策。
Localize-Then-Decide Guarantees for LLM Judgments

- 先用置信度筛选候选集,再从中选最优解
- 在多候选场景下,保证人类偏好匹配率超90%
- 适合需要高可靠评估的AI质量检测场景
大语言模型(LLMs)被广泛用于评估输出质量和偏好对齐,但确保其判断与人类一致仍具挑战。现有基于置信度阈值的方法依赖于‘置信度越高,与人类分歧越小’的假设,但在候选集增多时该假设可能失效,因概率分散会扭曲置信度估计。为此,我们提出「定位-决策」框架:首先通过分位数预测将人类偏好的响应锁定在高置信短名单中;随后采用校准后的置信规则从短名单中选择单一响应或放弃判断。该设计恢复了置信度与分歧风险间的单调关系,实现高概率一致性保障。在多个数据集和判别模型上,不同候选数量的实验表明,本框架在保证成功率和覆盖率方面显著优于单阶段基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators to assess output quality and preference alignment, yet providing reliable guarantees of agreement with human judgments remains challenging. Recent work introduces confidence-thresholding methods that provide such guarantees for pairwise comparisons, relying on the assumption that higher estimated confidence implies lower disagreement risk with humans. However, this assumption can break down when the number of candidate responses increases, since distributing probability mass across many alternatives can distort confidence estimates. To address this issue, we propose a Localize-Then-Decide framework. First, conformal prediction localizes a small shortlist that contains the human-preferred response with high probability. Then, a calibrated confidence-based rule selectively chooses a single response from this shortlist or abstains. This design restores the monotonic relationship between confidence and disagreement risk and enables high-probability agreement guarantees. Experiments with multiple candidate sizes across several datasets and judge LLMs demonstrate that our framework consistently achieves higher guarantee success rates and substantially higher coverage than single-stage baselines.
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