让语音代理在真实音频中端到端训练,突破文本模拟的瓶颈。
SpeechGym: An Audio-Native Gym for Training Voice Agents via Reinforcement Learning
- 构建纯音频环境,无TTS/ASR和外部接口,实现语音对话全程可训练。
- 通过失败模式自动标注,使误听、越权操作等错误可被梯度反传优化。
- 训练后模型在新语音基准上任务成功率翻倍,且更省资源,适合语音交互研究者。
语音代理需完全通过语音调用工具并进行多轮对话,但主流方法仍基于文本训练。现有框架要么将TTS与ASR串联于私有语音API,导致梯度无法回传且单次调用成本高,使on-policy强化学习不可行;要么停留在文本层面,仅评估而无法优化语音代理。本文提出SpeechGym,一个原生音频的智能体环境,两个全模态模型在原始音频中对话,无需外部ASR或TTS,也无API边界,直接使用成熟文本智能体基准中的任务、工具及成功判定标准,使交互模态成为唯一变量,实现本地化、端到端可训练。语音能力并非源于音频理解,而是感知误差:代理选对工具和参数槽位,却因波形误听填错值,导致调用失败、重复尝试、浪费步数。另一类行为失误是:面对持续请求时执行未授权写操作,却误以为已帮助用户。这些错误均可训练,因环境能免费标注失败:含误听参数的调用会与数据库不符而失败,正确则成功。主要障碍是稀疏性而非信号缺失。仅依赖结果的GRPO在此处梯度严重不足,因几乎每组回放均相同失败;而按每轮调用奖励机制,为每个成功工具调用分配奖励,几乎每组都恢复了方差。如此训练的代理无需微调即可迁移到独立实现的语音基准,任务成功率翻倍,将开源模型从末位提升至第二,且使用更少回合与令牌。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Voice agents must call tools and hold multi-turn dialogue entirely through speech, yet the dominant paradigm trains them in text. Existing frameworks either cascade TTS and ASR around a proprietary voice API, where gradients cannot flow and per-call cost makes on-policy reinforcement learning prohibitive, or stay in text: they measure voice agents but cannot improve them. We present SpeechGym, an audio-native agentic environment in which two omni-modal models converse in native audio, with no external ASR or TTS and no API boundary, over the unmodified tasks, tools and success check of an established text agentic benchmark, so that the interaction modality is the only variable and the loop stays local and trainable end to end. Audio agentic capability does not follow from audio understanding. The failures speech introduces are perceptual rather than reasoning deficits: the agent picks the right tool and the right argument slot but fills it with a value misheard from the waveform, and that single error cascades into a failed call, a retry of the same call, and a wasted step budget. A second failure is behavioural: under an insistent caller the agent performs an unauthorised write and ends the episode believing it helped. Both are trainable, because the environment labels them for free: a call with a misheard argument fails against the database while a correct one succeeds. The obstacle is sparsity, not signal. Outcome-only GRPO is gradient-starved here, since almost every rollout group fails identically, while a per-turn process reward crediting each successful tool call restores variance to nearly every group. Trained this way, the agent transfers with no further tuning to an independently implemented voice benchmark, more than doubling task success and carrying an open-weights model from last place to second on that leaderboard, while using fewer turns and tokens than before training.
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