将视觉语言模型规划与世界模型控制解耦,实现高效指令驱动的智能体自主行动。
Decoupling Planning and Control for Instructable Agents

- 用VLM生成高层指令,世界模型控制器根据指令高频执行动作
- 在7个具身环境中表现优于纯控制器和直接生成动作的方案
- 支持更换预训练规划器无需微调,适合多智能体协作场景
近期研究表明,预训练的指令微调视觉语言模型(VLM)能有效将指令与观测映射为高层计划,但在陌生环境中难以可靠生成低延迟的动作序列。同时,世界模型控制器虽具备快速观测到动作的控制能力,却缺乏开放任务引导。本文提出Instruct-to-Act系统,将二者优势结合:由VLM生成稀疏、高延迟的高层文本指令,世界模型控制器在这些指令条件下以高频自主执行动作。为使控制器可被语言指导,我们对控制器策略回放片段进行合成指令重标注,并联合优化行为克隆目标与现有奖励最大化及世界建模目标。我们在七个具身环境中评估该方法,包括三个多智能体环境,其中VLM规划器通过语言协调,训练后的控制器作为执行器。在匹配的观测与动作空间下,解耦方法始终优于仅使用控制器或直接由VLM生成动作的变体,保持高速控制能力,并可在不微调的情况下替换不同预训练VLM规划器,且在七项任务中六项表现媲美强视觉语言动作与多智能体强化学习基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent work shows that pre-trained, instruction-tuned vision-language models (VLMs) perform well at mapping from instructions and observations to high-level plans, but struggle to realize such plans as reliable low-latency action sequences in unfamiliar environments. At the same time, world-model controllers excel at fast observation-to-action control, but lack open-ended task guidance. In this work, we combine these strengths into a single system, Instruct-to-Act, where we train a world-model controller to act autonomously at high frequency when conditioned on sparse, higher-latency, and high-level text instructions generated by a VLM planner. To train controllers to be language-instructable, we relabel segments of controller policy rollouts with synthetic instructions and jointly optimize a behavior-cloning objective along with existing reward-maximizing and world-modeling objectives. We evaluate our proposed approach across seven embodied environments, including three multi-agent environments where VLM planners coordinate through language while trained controllers serve as their actuators. Under matched observation and action spaces, our decoupled approach consistently outperforms controller-only and direct VLM action-generation variants, preserves fast control, and lets us swap in different pretrained VLM planners without fine-tuning, while remaining competitive with strong vision-language-action and multi-agent RL baselines on six of seven tasks.
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