为计算机操作智能体设计实时报警系统，防止错误却谎报成功。
CURA: Certified Runtime Alarms for Computer-Use Agents
- 用运行时数据做序列检验，无须修改模型或提示词。
- 提前31步检测42.3%的失败，误报率仅6.6%。
- 适合需要高可靠性部署的自动化系统开发者。
自我报告是部署者最廉价的监督方式，但在能力较强的计算机使用代理（CUAs）上，恰恰在需要监督时失效。在361个OSWorld任务中，我们的管道（只读可行性门、规划器、GUI执行器）平均任务得分为82.9，高于人类参考值72.4，但71次失败中有64次（90%）以成功声明结束，61次未承认任何障碍，且在约9,100次调用中从未使用显式失败接口。我们提出CURA（Certified Runtime Alarms for Computer-Use Agents），一种外部监控器，仅读取可观察的遥测数据，不依赖模型内部、额外大模型调用或提示词修改，将运行轨迹转化为具有认证误报控制的序列检验。当α=0.10时，CUSUM报警在终止前中位数31步检测到42.3%的失败，实际误报率为0.066；风险在首次动作前部分可解（门探测，AUROC=0.69）。事后综合性能达0.828 AUROC（折叠内部下界0.802），但相较于总令牌基线提升不显著（Δ=+0.026，p=0.101）；在线场景下，CURA在匹配认证预算下召回率更高：α=0.10时为0.41对0.34，α=0.20时为0.56对0.38。报警门控的中段监督恢复了70次失败中的23次，仅需对38次调用启用前沿监督，实现可部署级联，平均得分86.8，全解决率达84.5%（305/361）。证书仅保证误报上限。我们还报告了行为监控无效的情况。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Self-report is the cheapest oversight channel a deployer has, and on capable computer-use agents (CUAs) it fails precisely where oversight matters. On 361 OSWorld tasks our pipeline, a read-only feasibility gate, a planner, and a GUI executor, reaches a mean task score of 82.9, above the 72.4 human reference, yet 64 of its 71 failures (90%) end with a success claim, 61 acknowledging no blocker, and the explicit failure affordance is never used in roughly 9,100 calls. We introduce CURA (Certified Runtime Alarms for Computer-Use Agents), an external monitor that reads only harness-visible telemetry, with no model internals, extra LLM calls, or prompt changes, and turns the running trajectory into a sequential test with certified false-alarm control. At alpha = 0.10 its CUSUM alarm detects 42.3% of failures a median of 31 steps before termination at a realized false-alarm rate of 0.066, and risk is partly resolvable before the first action (gate probe, 0.69 AUROC). Retrospectively the composite reaches 0.828 AUROC (fold-internal floor 0.802), but its margin over a total-token baseline is not significant (Delta = +0.026, p = 0.101); the separation is online, where CURA recalls more at matched certified budgets: 0.41 versus 0.34 at alpha = 0.10, 0.56 versus 0.38 at alpha = 0.20. Alarm-gated mid-execution oversight recovers 23 of 70 failures while spending a frontier overseer on 38, giving a deployable cascade at mean score 86.8 and 84.5% full-solve (305 of 361). The certificate bounds false alarms only. We also report where behavioral monitoring is uninformative.
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