arXiv:2608.29575cs.CL2026-08

用原文事实生成水印,检测大模型是否看过受保护文档

SemTrace: Source-Grounded Semantic Signatures for Tracing LLM Exposure to Protected Documents

  • 从文档中提取成对事实,选其一嵌入生成内容固定位置
  • 通过推理模型解码水印,准确率超90%且不干扰生成质量
  • 适合版权保护、论文查重等需溯源的场景

大型语言模型在阅读文档并生成文本时,常引发内容来源难以追溯的问题。本文提出SemTrace,一种基于源文档的语义水印技术,用于检测生成内容是否受到已知受保护文稿的影响。该方法不改变词元概率或添加表面模式,而是从文稿中提取一组二元事实对,仅选择其中一个事实,并要求指令遵循型评审者在固定位置表达这些事实,同时保持独立评价不变。受保护的PDF隐含一份内容契约,指导这一选择过程。随后,使用一个冻结的自然语言推理模型解码生成结果中的语义证据,通过显式擦除机制恢复比特信息,并与该文稿对应的码字进行比对。该设计实现对特定副本的模型无关暴露检测,同时确保水印与源文档语义强绑定。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models are increasingly used to read documents and produce downstream text, creating a provenance problem when the document owner cannot control or inspect the model that performs the generation. We introduce SemTrace, a source-grounded semantic watermark for detecting whether a generated review was influenced by a known protected manuscript copy. Rather than biasing token probabilities or imposing surface-form patterns, SemTrace constructs a document-specific binary signature from factual propositions that are directly supported by the manuscript itself. A protected PDF invisibly carries a content contract that selects one fact from each binary pair and asks an instruction-following reviewer to express those facts in fixed review slots without changing its independent evaluation. A frozen natural language inference model then decodes the resulting semantic evidence with explicit erasures and scores the recovered bits against the codeword assigned to that copy. This design targets model-agnostic, assigned-copy exposure detection while keeping the watermark semantically tied to the source document.

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