arXiv:2609.03457cs.LG2026-09

先预测请求量再推算CPU负载,提升私有云资源预测精度。

A Two-Stage Forecasting System for CPU Workload Prediction in Private Clouds

论文配图:A Two-Stage Forecasting System for CPU Workload Prediction in Private Clouds
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 分两阶段建模:先预测每秒请求数(TPS),再据此估算CPU负载
  • 多数应用SMAPE低于7%,最优者达3.57%且R2高达0.9185
  • 支持在线自适应重训练,适合动态云环境的自动伸缩场景

准确的云资源预测对主动资源配置、保障服务质量(QoS)和降低运营成本至关重要。现有方法多直接从历史资源数据预测未来CPU负载,常忽略客户服务需求与资源消耗间的关联。本文提出一种两阶段集成预测模型,通过先预测客户服务请求数(以每秒事务数TPS表示),再基于TPS预测结果推算未来CPU负载。两阶段均采用XGBoost模型,构建级联学习架构,并结合滚动窗口策略实现自适应在线重训练,应对持续演化的云工作负载中的概念漂移问题。在包含十种应用的真实私有云数据上评估显示,该方法对多数应用的对称平均绝对百分比误差(SMAPE)低于7%,表现最佳的应用实现MAE为0.7372,RMSE为1.1866,SMAPE为3.57%,R²为0.9185。跨60步预测时序的漂移分析表明误差累积可控,递归预测稳定。相比传统直接预测CPU的方法,本模型在鲁棒性、计算效率和可解释性方面均有提升,适用于云环境中主动资源管理与智能弹性伸缩。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Accurate cloud resource forecasting is essential for proactive resource provisioning, maintaining Quality of Service (QoS), and reducing operational costs in dynamic cloud environments. The existing forecasting approaches predominantly estimate future CPU workload directly from historical resource traces, which often overlook the relationship between customer service demand and subsequent resource consumption. This study proposes a two-stage integrated forecasting model that explicitly models this dependency by first forecasting customer service requests, expressed as Transactions Per Second (TPS), and subsequently estimating future CPU workload from the TPS forecast. Both the forecasting component and resource prediction component employed the XGBoost model within a cascaded learning architecture, complemented by adaptive online retraining using an expanding-window strategy to address concept drift in continuously evolving cloud workloads. The proposed work was evaluated using real-world traces collected from a private cloud environment comprising ten applications. Experimental results demonstrate robust forecasting performance by achieving Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) below $7\%$ for most applications, with the best-performing application achieving an MAE of $0.7372$, RMSE of $1.1866$, SMAPE of $3.57\%$, and an R2 of $0.9185$. Horizon-wise drift analysis confirmed stable recursive forecasting behavior with controlled error accumulation across a 60-step prediction horizon. Compared with the conventional direct CPU forecasting method, the proposed two-stage integrated model gives improved forecasting robustness, computational efficiency, and interpretability, making it well-suited for proactive resource management and intelligent auto-scaling in cloud computing environments.

资源预测云调度XGBoost时序建模

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