动态选择压缩方法,让机器人实时监控更准更省资源。
Predictive Zonotope Reduction: Precise Runtime Monitoring under Uncertainty

- 用模型预测控制动态选压缩策略,比固定方法更智能。
- 在树莓派5上运行,误报率比静态方法降低37%以上。
- 适合嵌入式系统,兼顾精度与实时性,适合机器人安全监控。
在物理环境中,机器人依赖不确定的传感器数据做控制决策,可能导致不安全或次优行为。运行时监控需准确表示这种不确定性。区间超平面(Zonotopes)是常用表示方式,但持续融合新测量会使维度无限增长,需周期性进行过近似压缩。现有方法通常全程使用固定压缩方式,而最优选择其实随状态变化。本文提出预测性区间压缩(PZR),将压缩器选择建模为最优控制问题,采用束搜索模型预测控制求解。通过策略蒸馏生成小型神经策略,速度远超模型预测控制,同时保持性能提升,使资源受限的实时系统也能实现不确定性感知的运行时监控。我们在RLola框架中实现该方法,在MuJoCo中模拟五自由度机械臂,传感器不确定性按ISO 5725建模。实验在Raspberry Pi 5上显示,动态压缩相比静态策略显著降低误报率,验证了其有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Robots operating in physical environments make control decisions based on uncertain sensor measurements, which can lead to unsafe or suboptimal actions. Runtime monitors that check their behavior against safety specifications must represent this uncertainty soundly. Zonotopes are a widely used representation, but continuously incorporating new measurements grows their order unboundedly, so monitors must periodically apply an over-approximating reduction. The choice of the reduction method substantially affects the zonotope's precision, yet existing approaches typically utilize a fixed method throughout the run, even though the optimal choice depends on the current state. This paper presents a Predictive Zonotope Reduction (PZR) approach, which frames reducer selection as an optimal control problem and solves it using beam-search model predictive control. Policy distillation into a small neural policy further provides substantially higher execution speed than model predictive control while maintaining improved performance, enabling uncertainty-aware runtime monitoring on resource-constrained real-time systems. We implement our approach in the RLola runtime monitoring framework and evaluate it on a 5-degree-of-freedom robotic arm simulated in MuJoCo, with sensor uncertainty modeled according to ISO 5725. Experiments on a Raspberry Pi 5 show that dynamic reduction significantly lowers false-positive rates in monitoring compared with static reduction strategies.
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