arXiv:2609.04102cs.SD2026-09

用隐空间蒸馏压缩语音编码器,显著降低功耗且保持高精度。

Compressing Streaming Neural Audio Encoders via Latent-Space Distillation

  • 以教师模型的隐层表征为监督目标,学生模型直接回归该隐层。
  • 2.8倍压缩下相对词错率仅上升1.9%,优于同规模独立训练模型3.9%。
  • 适用于独立或联合训练的编码器,兼容多种语音转文字接口。

Apple设备上的端到端语音转录系统完全在设备上运行,语音通过编码器映射为语言模型可读的表示。由于指令跟随剪枝使基础模型仅激活少数专家,始终在线的编码器需与之竞争内存,其参数量直接影响功耗和延迟。本文提出一种基于隐空间蒸馏的压缩方法,以教师模型在量化前的隐层表征作为监督目标,而非离散标记或输出分布。学生编码器在平方误差损失下学习回归教师每帧的隐层表征,仅用一个仿射层处理宽度假设差异。因目标位于量化器和语言模型桥接之前,同一方案可同时支持两种编码接口,且适用于单独预训练或与语言模型联合训练的编码器。在2.8倍压缩下,5组师生模型对中,学生模型相对词错率仅增加1.9%,无需微调;相比同容量独立训练编码器,性能提升3.9%。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

System-wide Dictation on Apple devices runs entirely on-device, and the speech it transcribes reaches the foundation model through a tokenizer: an encoder that maps short windows of waveform onto the representation the language model reads. Because that model is sparsely activated under Instruction-Following Pruning, only a small subset of its experts occupies DRAM at any time, so the always-on tokenizer competes for the same memory, and its parameter count bears directly on power and latency. In this work we study how to compress such a tokenizer by distillation, taking as the supervision target neither the discrete token nor the output distribution but the pre-quantizer latent the model actually consumes - the last representation the two token interfaces share. We train only the student encoder to regress the teacher's per-frame latent under a squared-error objective, with a single affine layer absorbing the teacher-student width mismatch. Because the target precedes both the quantizer and the language-model bridge, one recipe covers both token interfaces we support, and applies both to a tokenizer pretrained alone and to one jointly trained with a language model. At 2.8x compression the distilled student stays within 1.9% relative WER of its teacher on five of six teacher-student pairs without any fine-tuning, and improves on an independently trained tokenizer of identical capacity by 3.9% relative.

音频编码模型压缩蒸馏隐空间

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