低成本开源平台实现微型自动驾驶车端到端控制,支持仿真与实车联动测试。
A Low-Cost, Open Platform for End-to-End Autonomous Driving on a Miniature Ackermann Vehicle

- 用微型阿克曼车+数字孪生构建可复现的端到端自动驾驶实验平台。
- 实车测试中平均横向误差6.1厘米,接近人工驾驶的4.7厘米表现。
- 结合仿真数据与图像翻译,提升模型在真实场景下的路径完成率。
本文提出一个低成本、开源的微型阿克曼车辆端到端自动驾驶研究平台。该平台整合物理车辆、3D打印城市赛道、数据采集工具、轨迹注册系统及Webots数字孪生,实现从仿真到真实执行的闭环验证。作为基准方案,采用命令条件行为克隆:神经策略接收车载摄像头图像与高层导航指令,输出转向角与速度。在真实闭环实验中,学习策略能稳定跟车线并执行转向操作,平均横向误差为6.1厘米,接近人工示范的4.7厘米。在数字孪生中,扩大摄像头视场角(58°→120°)使平均横向误差从35.6厘米降至3.3厘米。通过数字孪生生成合成数据,并使用学习的域自适应图像转换器减少外观差异,训练更高容量策略,其仅在四条赛道中全部成功完成闭环运行;而基础模型和仅用真实数据训练的模型均未完成全部路线。本平台为模拟到现实迁移研究提供实用测试环境,并提供首个命令条件模仿学习基线,代码与数据已公开以支持可复现研究。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
This paper presents a low-cost, open experimental platform for research in end-to-end autonomous driving with miniature Ackermann vehicles. The platform combines a physical vehicle, a printed urban track, data collection tools, trajectory registration, and a Webots digital twin, enabling controlled experiments that connect simulation-based autonomous-driving methods to real-world execution. As a first baseline, we implement command-conditioned behavior cloning, in which a neural policy receives an on-board camera image and a high-level navigation command and outputs steering and speed. The system is evaluated both on the physical vehicle and in simulation. In real closed-loop experiments, the learned policy follows lanes and executes commanded turns, reaching a mean cross-track error of 6.1 cm with respect to the reference route, close to the 4.7 cm observed in human demonstrations. In the digital twin, camera field of view has a strong effect on performance, reducing the mean cross-track error from 35.6 to 3.3 cm when widened from 58 to 120 degrees. Using the digital twin to generate synthetic driving data and a learned sim-to-real image translator to reduce the appearance gap, we further show that a higher-capacity policy trained on this synthetic data combined with real demonstrations is the only configuration that completes all four track routes in closed loop, whereas the compact baseline and the same network trained on real data alone complete fewer. These results establish the open platform as a practical testbed for sim-to-real studies and provide an initial command-conditioned imitation-learning baseline; we release it to support reproducible research.
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