对比人类与大模型在智能城市场景中对道德主体性的判断差异。
How do LLMs Evaluate Perceived Moral Agency? Investigating Moral Decision-Making in Human-Artificial Agents Interactions
- 通过真实场景实验，比较人类与大模型对道德主体性的评估方式。
- 大模型更关注情境紧急性和伤害严重性，而非主体本身属性。
- 发现大模型与人类一样具有情境敏感性，适合用于日常决策辅助研究。
随着大模型承担需要道德建议的角色，理解它们如何赋予道德主体性变得至关重要。人类具备道德主体性——即基于伦理做出决策并承担后果责任的能力，这是道德心理学中的成熟概念。然而，当机器人、无人机等无实体人工智能系统越来越多地嵌入智慧城市环境时，是否以及如何将道德主体性赋予这些人工代理（AAs）的问题变得尤为紧迫。本文首次基于实证研究，比较了人类与大模型在不同形态的真人与自主人工代理之间，于典型智慧城市场景下的感知道德主体性（PMA）评估。采用经验证的PMA量表，对190名人类参与者及多种大模型进行测试。结果表明，人类对自身及他人表现出更高的道德主体性感知，而对人工代理则较低。但在具体道德困境中，大模型会从情境出发，优先考虑伤害严重性和情境紧迫性，而非稳定评估代理本身的属性，展现出与人类相似的情境敏感性。这一发现对大模型日益融入日常道德决策具有重要启示。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
As LLMs take on roles requiring moral advice, understanding how they attribute moral agency becomes critical. Humans possess moral agency, the capacity to make ethically guided decisions and bear responsibility for their consequences, a well-established construct in moral psychology. Yet as artificial agents (AAs) such as robots, drones, and disembodied AI systems become increasingly embedded in smart city environments, the question of whether and how moral agency is attributed to them takes on new urgency. This paper presents, to the best of our knowledge, the first empirical study comparing how humans and LLMs evaluate perceived moral agency (PMA) across human and autonomous artificial agents varying in embodiment, situated in plausible smart city scenarios. Using an adaptation of a validated PMA scale, we applied a protocol to 190 human participants as well as various LLMs. Our evaluation reveals higher perceptions of moral agency in humans than in AAs. However, when facing moral dilemmas in concrete scenarios, LLMs reason outward from the situation, prioritizing harm severity and contextual urgency over any stable assessment of the agent itself, amplifying a context-sensitivity also present in human raters. These findings are particularly relevant as LLMs become increasingly involved in everyday moral decisions.
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