对比百度与谷歌健康搜索，发现平台偏见与地域文化影响信息权威性。
Who Anchors AI Overviews in Health? Baidu, Google, and the Geography of Authority
- 通过1920个跨国家健康查询，对比谷歌与百度的AI摘要内容来源。
- 本地语言查询使本地引用比例提升3.5至13.5倍，小国更依赖外部平台。
- 健康免责声明因语言文化差异而异，需文化敏感的监管机制。
人工智能正快速融入传统搜索引擎，但关于平台、地理与语言间的信息差异研究仍不足。本文比较谷歌与百度在健康查询中的AI摘要系统，评估其信息锚点。通过对12个国家、4种语言的1920个健康查询进行审计，发现谷歌与百度均呈现垂直整合，引导用户至自身公司平台而非多元原始来源。较小、低本地化国家在健康查询中获得的本地来源更少。以本国官方语言而非英文提问，可使本地引用占比提升约3.5至13.5倍。在不同严重性与争议性的健康话题（如中医）对比中，发现健康免责声明具有多维度特征，且随语言与文化变化。本文讨论生成式搜索对健康信息获取的影响，强调亟需文化敏感的监管机制，以应对影响关键健康决策的系统。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Artificial intelligence is being rapidly incorporated into traditional search systems, yet scant work audits the information disparities across platforms, geography, and languages. We address this gap by comparing Google and Baidu's AI Overview systems for health queries, and measure informational anchors that emerge. Auditing 1,920 health queries across 12 countries and 4 languages, we find that Google and Baidu exhibit vertical integration, routing users toward their own company platforms in AI Overviews rather than a diverse set of primary sources. Smaller, lower-localization countries receive fewer domestically sourced references for health queries. Issuing the same query in a country's official language rather than English raises the share of locally sourced citations approximately 3.5- to 13.5-fold. Comparing queries across health topics of varying severity and controversy, including Traditional Chinese Medicine as an example, we also show that health disclaimers are multidimensional and vary across language and culture. We discuss how generative search influences access to health information, and the urgent need for culturally-aware oversight of these systems that influence critical health decisions.
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